Desalination

Type	Desalination
Process	Reverse osmosis or Distillation
Purpose	Freshwater production
Benefits	Drought resilience • Water security • Reliable water supply • Industrial and agricultural use
Challenges	Energy consumption • Concentrate disposal • Environmental impact • Cost
Main components	Pre-treatment system • High-pressure pump • Membrane • Post-treatment system
Place of origin	Saudi Arabia (early)
Current widespread use	Middle East, North Africa, Australia, California